1.
Authorship & Audience
- Traditionally attributed to Luke, a companion of Paul.
- Written in excellent Greek yet steeped in Semitic idioms and
Tanakh imagery.
- Addressed to Theophilus (Greek:
“lover of Elohim - God”), possibly a real person or symbolic for faithful
disciples.
2. Hebraic
Themes
- Fulfillment of Tanakh: Luke
emphasizes how Yeshua (Jesus) fulfills Torah and Prophets. Constant echoes
of Samuel, Elijah, Isaiah, and the Psalms.
- Priestly Context:
Begins in the Temple with Zechariah (Luke 1) and ends in the Temple with
the disciples praising Elohim - God (Luke 24).
- Prophetic Continuity: John
the Immerser is portrayed in the line of Elijah, preparing the way for the
Messiah (cf. Malachi 3–4).
- Salvation (Yeshuah): Luke
highlights that YHWH’s – YEHOVAH’S yeshuah (salvation/deliverance)
is not only for Israel but extends to the nations—reflecting Isaiah’s
servant songs.
3.
Structure & Flow
- Birth Narratives (Luke 1–2)
- Miraculous births (John, then Yeshua) echo Isaac, Samuel, and Samson.
- Songs (Mary’s Magnificat, Zechariah’s prophecy, Simeon’s prayer)
resemble Psalms and Hannah’s song.
- Preparation for Ministry (Luke 3–4)
- John calls Israel to repentance like the prophets of old.
- Yeshua immersed, receives Spirit, tested in wilderness - recalls
Israel’s wilderness test and Deuteronomy.
- Galilean Ministry (Luke 4–9)
- Healings, teachings, parables.
- Strong Elijah/Elisha motifs (feeding multitudes, healing
outsiders, raising the dead).
- Yeshua sets his face toward Jerusalem.
- Journey to Jerusalem (Luke 9:51–19:27)
- Unique to Luke: long “travel narrative.”
- Parables rich in Tanakh echoes (Good Samaritan, Prodigal Son, Rich
Man & Lazarus).
- Prophetic lament over Jerusalem like Jeremiah.
- Jerusalem & Passion (Luke 19:28–23)
- Enters Temple, confronts leaders.
- Passover Last Supper echoes Exodus themes.
- Trial and crucifixion narrated with emphasis on innocence - “righteous
one” language.
- Resurrection & Ascension (Luke 24)
- Road to Emmaus: Yeshua explained “Moses and the Prophets” pointing
to himself.
- Ends with a blessing at Bethany and the disciples in the Temple.
4. Hebraic
Word Choices to Keep in Mind
- Messiah (Mashiach)
instead of “Christ.”
- Torah instead of “Law.”
- Elohim instead of generic “God.”
- YHWH - YEHOVAH (or
“Adonai”) for LORD.
- Shalom instead of “peace,” when the nuance
fits.
- Gehenna (Valley of Hinnom) rather than “hell.”
- Immersion rather than “baptism.”
- Righteous/Just (Tzaddik)
instead of flattening into “good.”
5. Key
Distinctives in Luke
- Universal Scope:
Gentiles, women, the poor, and the marginalized are honored.
- Prayer & Ruach (Spirit): More
emphasis than other gospels.
- Songs & Psalms:
Musical, prophetic hymns connect Yeshua to Israel’s story.
- Jerusalem-Centered:
Starts and ends in the Temple, climax in the holy city.
In short, Luke presents Yeshua as the Spirit-anointed
Prophet like Moses, the Son of David, and the Light to the
Nations (Isaiah 49:6), deeply rooted in Tanakh while opening Israel’s hope
to the world.
Luke 1 — Hebraic-Aware Translation
Prologue (1:1–4)
- Since
many have undertaken to arrange an account of the matters that have been
fulfilled among us,
- just
as those who from the beginning were eyewitnesses and servants of the word
handed them down to us,
- it
also seemed good to me, having carefully investigated everything from the
start, to write it out for you, most honorable Theophilus,
- so
that you may know the certainty of the things about which you were
instructed.
Announcement of John (1:5–25)
- In
the days of Herod, king of Yehudah, there was a priest named Zechariah, of
the division of Aviyah. His wife was from the daughters of Aharon, and her
name was Elisheva.
- Both
were righteous (tzaddikim) before Elohim, walking blamelessly in all the
mitzvot and statutes of YHWH.
- But
they had no child, because Elisheva was barren, and both were advanced in
days.
(…Gabriel’s appearance in the Temple…)
- The
messenger said to him, “Do not fear, Zechariah, for your prayer has been
heard. Your wife Elisheva will bear you a son, and you shall call his name
Yochanan.
- He
will bring joy and gladness to you, and many will rejoice at his birth.
- For
he will be great before YHWH - YEHOVAH. He will drink no wine or strong
drink, and he will be filled with the Ruach ha-Kodesh – THE HOLY SPIRIT,
even from his mother’s womb.
- He
will turn many of the children of Israel back to YHWH - YEHOVAH, their
Elohim.
- And
he will go before Him in the spirit and power of Eliyahu, to turn the
hearts of fathers to children and the disobedient to the wisdom of the
righteous, to make ready a people prepared for YHWH - YEHOVAH.”
Announcement of Yeshua (1:26–38)
- In
the sixth month, the messenger Gavri’el was sent from Elohim to a city of
Galil named Natzeret,
- to
a virgin betrothed to a man whose name was Yosef, of the house of David.
The virgin’s name was Miryam.
- The
messenger said to her, “Do not fear, Miryam, for you have found favor with
Elohim - God.
- Behold,
you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you shall call his name
Yeshua.
- He
will be great and will be called Son of the Most High. And YHWH Elohim –
YEHOVAH God will give him the throne of David his father.
- He
will reign over the house of Ya‘akov forever, and of his kingdom there
will be no end.”
Mary & Elizabeth (1:39–56)
- When
Elisheva heard Miryam’s greeting, the baby leaped in her womb. And
Elisheva was filled with the Ruach ha-Kodesh – The Holy Spirit.
- She
cried out with a loud voice: “Blessed are you among women and blessed is
the fruit of your womb!
- And
Miryam said,
“My soul magnifies YHWH - YEHOVAH,
- and
my spirit rejoices in Elohim - God my Deliverer…”
(→ Miryam’s song closely parallels Hannah’s prayer in 1
Samuel 2).
Birth of John (1:57–80)
- Zechariah,
his father, was filled with the Ruach ha-Kodesh – Holy Spirit and
prophesied, saying:
- “Blessed
be YHWH - YEHOVAH, the Elohim - God of Israel, for He has visited and
redeemed His people,
- and
raised a horn of salvation (qeren yeshuah) for us in the house of His
servant David,
- just
as He spoke by the mouth of His holy prophets from of old…”
- “And
you, child, will be called prophet of the Most High, for you will go
before YHWH - YEHOVAH to prepare His ways,
- to
give knowledge of salvation to His people in the forgiveness of their
sins,
- because
of the tender mercy of our Elohim - God, by which the Sunrise from on high
will visit us,
- to
shine on those sitting in darkness and the shadow of death, to guide our
feet into the way of shalom.”
- And
the child grew and became strong in spirit and was in the wilderness until
the day of his showing to Israel.
Hebraic Notes on Luke 1
- Zechariah
& Elisheva: Names recall Aaronic priesthood - deeply Levitical
setting. Barrenness parallels Sarah, Rebekah, Hannah → miraculous births
as covenant signs.
- Gabriel:
Appears in Daniel 8–9; role tied to end-time visions.
- “Spirit
and power of Eliyahu”: Direct allusion to Malachi 3–4 (Hebrew Bible
order: last prophetic words).
- Miryam’s
Song (Magnificat): Modeled on Hannah’s song (1 Samuel 2), filled with
reversals: proud brought low, humble lifted. Echoes Psalms of deliverance.
- “Horn
of Salvation” (qeren yeshuah): Davidic and military imagery from
Psalms (Psalm 18:2, 132:17).
- Sunrise/Dayspring
(1:78): Alludes to Malachi 4:2, “the sun of righteousness will rise
with healing in its wings.”
- Overall
Shape: The chapter mirrors Tanakh birth narratives
(Abraham-Sarah, Hannah-Samuel), showing continuity.
Luke 2 —
Hebraically Aware Translation
Birth of
Yeshua (2:1–7)
- And it came to pass in those days that a decree went out from
Caesar Augustus that all the inhabited world should be registered.
- This was the first registration when Quirinius was governing Syria.
- All went to register, each to his own city.
- Yosef also went up from the Galil, from the city of Nazareth, into
Yehudah, to the city of David, which is called Beit-Lechem, because he was
of the house and lineage of David,
- to be registered with Miryam, his betrothed, who was pregnant.
- And it came to pass, while they were there, the days were fulfilled
for her to give birth.
- She bore her firstborn son, wrapped him in swaddling cloths, and
laid him in a feeding trough, because there was no place for them in the
guest room.
Shepherds
& Messenger (2:8–20)
- In that same region, shepherds were dwelling in the fields, keeping
watch over their flock by night.
- And a messenger of YHWH - YEHOVAH stood before them, and the glory
of YHWH - YEHOVAH shone around them, and they were greatly afraid.
- The messenger said to them, “Do not fear! For behold - I bring you
good news of great joy that will be for all the people:
- For today in the city of David is born to you a Deliverer, who is
Mashiach, Master.
- This will be the sign for you: You will find a baby wrapped in
swaddling cloths and lying in a feeding trough.”
- Suddenly, there was with the messenger a multitude of the heavenly
host, praising Elohim - God and saying,
- “Glory to Elohim - God in the highest, and on earth shalom among
those He favors!”
- When the messengers had gone from them into heaven, the shepherds
said to one another, “Let us indeed go over to Beit-Lechem and see this
word that has come to pass, which YHWH - YEHOVAH has made known to us.”
- They hurried and found Miryam and Yosef, and the baby lying in the
feeding trough.
- The shepherds returned, glorifying and praising Elohim - God for
all they had heard and seen, just as it had been told them.
Yeshua
Presented at the Temple (2:21–40)
- When eight days were completed for circumcising him, he was called
Yeshua, the name given by the messenger before he was conceived in the
womb.
- When the days of their purification according to the Torah of Moshe
were fulfilled, they brought him up to Yerushalayim to present him to YHWH
- YEHOVAH,
- as it is written in the Torah of YHWH - YEHOVAH: “Every male who
opens the womb shall be called holy to YHWH - YEHOVAH” (Exodus 13:2).
- And to give a sacrifice according to what is said in the Torah of
YHWH - YEHOVAH, “a pair of turtledoves or two young pigeons” (Leviticus
12:8).
- Behold, there was a man in Yerushalayim whose name was Shimon. This
man was righteous and devout, waiting for the consolation of Israel, and
the Ruach ha-Kodesh – Holy Spirit was upon him.
- He took him into his arms and blessed Elohim - God, saying:
- “Now, Master, you release your servant in shalom, according to your
word.
- For my eyes have seen your salvation (yeshuah),
- which you have prepared in the presence of all peoples,
- A light for revelation to the nations, and glory of your people
Israel.”
- There was also Hannah the prophetess, daughter of Penu’el, of the
tribe of Asher. She was very advanced in age…
- At that hour, she gave thanks to Elohim - God and spoke about him
to all who were waiting for the redemption of Yerushalayim.
- The child grew and became strong, filled with wisdom, and the favor
of Elohim - God was upon him.
Yeshua in
the Temple (2:41–52)
- His parents went to Yerushalayim every year at the Feast of Pesach.
- When he was twelve years old, they went up according to the custom
of the feast.
- When the days were completed, as they were returning, the boy
Yeshua remained in Yerushalayim. Yosef and his mother did not know it…
- After three days, they found him in the Temple, sitting among the
teachers, both listening to them and asking them questions.
- All who heard him were amazed at his understanding and his answers.
- He said to them, “Why were you seeking me? Did you not know that I
must be in the things of my Father?”
- Yeshua advanced in wisdom and stature, and in favor with Elohim -
God and with people.
Hebraic
Notes on Luke 2
- Beit-Lechem (Bethlehem):
“House of Bread.” Micah 5:2 prophecy of the Davidic ruler.
- Shepherds:
Recall David as shepherd-king; also, a prophetic sign that the Messiah is
revealed to humble ones first.
- “Good news” (euangelizomai):
Rooted in Isaiah’s “bringing good news of shalom” (Isaiah 52:7).
- Temple dedication:
Mirrors Exodus 13 (firstborn consecration) + Leviticus 12 (purification
offering). Yeshua fully within Torah framework.
- Shimon’s prophecy:
Directly ties Yeshua to Isaiah 40–55 (“light to the nations,” “salvation
to Israel”).
- Boy Yeshua at Passover:
Echoes Samuel as a boy in the tabernacle (1 Sam 2–3). His first recorded
words connect him to his Father’s house.
Luke 3 —
Yochanan the Immerser & Yeshua’s Immersion
John’s
Ministry (3:1–20)
- In the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar… the word of
Elohim came to Yochanan - John son of Zechariah in the wilderness.
- He went into all the region around the Yarden, proclaiming an
immersion of repentance for the forgiveness of sins,
- As it is written in the book of the words of Yeshayahu the prophet:
“A voice of one crying in the wilderness: Prepare the way of YHWH -
YEHOVAH, make His paths straight.” (Isaiah 40:3)
- He said to the crowds… “Offspring of vipers! Who warned you to flee
from the coming wrath?
- Produce fruit worthy of repentance, and do not begin to say within
yourselves, ‘We have Avraham as father.’ For I say to you, Elohim - God can
raise children to Avraham from these stones.”
- Yochanan answered, “I immerse you with water, but one mightier than
I is coming… He will immerse you in the Ruach ha-Kodesh – The Holy Spirit
and fire.”
Yeshua’s
Immersion (3:21–22)
- When all the people were immersed, Yeshua also was immersed. While
praying, the heavens were opened,
- And the Ruach ha-Kodesh – the Holy Spirit descended upon him in
bodily form like a dove, and a voice came from heaven: “You are my beloved
Son; with you I am well pleased.”
Genealogy
(3:23–38)
- Yeshua… was the son (as was supposed) of Yosef…
- …the son of Enosh, the son of Shet, the son of Adam, the son of
Elohim - God.
Luke 4 —
Testing in the Wilderness & Galilean Ministry
Temptation
(4:1–13)
- Yeshua, full of the Ruach ha-Kodesh – the Holy Spirit, returned
from the Yarden and was led by the Spirit in the wilderness…
- The adversary said to him, “If you are Son of Elohim - God, command
this stone to become bread.”
- Yeshua answered, “It is written Man shall not live by bread alone.”
(Deuteronomy 8:3)
- “You shall worship YHWH - YEHOVAH your Elohim - God, and Him only
shall you serve.” (Deuteronomy 6:13)
- “You shall not test YHWH - YEHOVAH your Elohim - God.” (Deuteronomy
6:16)
In Nazareth
(4:14–30)
- He came to Natzeret… stood up to read.
- The scroll of the prophet Yeshayahu was given to him. He found the
place where it is written:
- “The Spirit of YHWH - YEHOVAH is upon me, because He has anointed
me to proclaim good news to the poor… liberty to captives, sight to the
blind, release for the oppressed, to proclaim the year of YHWH – YEHOVAH’S’s
favor.” (Isaiah 61:1–2; 58:6)
- He said, “Today this Scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing.”
- All in the synagogue were filled with anger…
- They rose, drove him out of the town, and led him to the brow of
the hill… to throw him down.
- But he passed through their midst and went away.
Healings
(4:31–44)
- In K’far Nachum: cast out an unclean spirit, healed Shimon’s –
Peter’s mother-in-law.
- Many healed at sundown.
- Yeshua said, “I must proclaim the good news of the kingdom of
Elohim - God to the other towns also, because I was sent for this
purpose.”
Luke 5 —
Calling Disciples & Signs of Authority
First
Disciples (5:1–11)
- He said to Shimon, “Put out into the deep and let down your nets.”
- They enclosed a great number of fish…
- Shimon Kefa fell at Yeshua’s knees, saying, “Depart from me,
Master, for I am a sinful man.”
- Yeshua said, “Do not fear; from now on you will be catching
people.”
Healings
& Forgiveness (5:12–26)
- A man full of tzara‘at (skin-disease - leprosy) cleansed.
- Paralytic lowered through the roof: Yeshua says, “Man, your sins
are forgiven.”
- Torah scholars object: “Who can forgive sins but Elohim - God
alone?”
- Yeshua responds with healing to show authority.
Levi Called
(5:27–32)
- He saw a tax collector named Levi… and said, “Follow me.”
- Pharisees complained: “Why do you eat and drink with tax collectors
and sinners?”
- Yeshua answered: “It is not the healthy who need a physician, but
the sick. I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to
repentance.”
Hebraic
Notes on Luke 3–5
- Immersion (baptism):
Modeled after ritual washings (mikvah). Linked with repentance, covenant
renewal (cf. Isa 1:16, Ezekiel 36:25).
- John’s rebuke (“children of Avraham”): Echoes prophets (Jer 7:4 “Temple of YHWH - YEHOVAH” warning). True
covenant status = obedience, not ancestry.
- Genealogy back to Adam:
Emphasizes Yeshua as Son of Adam/Son of Elohim - God → universal scope.
- Temptation:
Yeshua resists by quoting Torah (Deuteronomy 6–8). He succeeds where
Israel failed in the wilderness.
- Nazareth rejection:
Mirrors Elijah/Elisha being sent beyond Israel (Luke 4:25–27). Messiah was
not accepted in his hometown, like the prophets.
- Fishing for people:
Allusion to Jeremiah 16:16 (“I will send many fishers”).
- Healing & forgiveness:
Yeshua enacts Isaiah 35 (healing) and Jeremiah 31 (new covenant
forgiveness).
- Levi (Matthew):
Outcast tax collector becomes disciple → shows kingdom’s reach.
Luke 6 —
Teachings of the Son of Man
Sabbath
Encounters (6:1–11)
- On a Shabbat, as Yeshua was passing through the grainfields, his
disciples plucked heads of grain, rubbing them in their hands and eating.
- Some of the Pharisees said, “Why are you doing what is not lawful
on the Shabbat?”
- Yeshua answered, “Have you not read what David did… how he entered
the house of Elohim, took and ate the bread of the Presence, which is not
lawful except for the priests, and gave it also to those with him?”
- He said to them, “The Son of Man is master of the Shabbat.”
Choosing
the Twelve (6:12–16)
- After a night of prayer, he chose twelve, naming them shlichim
(apostles).
- Names include Shimon (called Kefa), Ya‘akov, Yochanan,
Levi/Mattityahu, and Yehudah of Kriot.
Blessings
& Woes (6:17–26)
- “Blessed are you poor, for yours is the kingdom of Elohim - God.
- Blessed are you who hunger now, for you will be filled.
- Blessed are you when people hate you… on account of the Son of Man.
- But woe to you who are rich… woe to you who are full now… woe to
you when all speak well of you…”
Love for
Enemies (6:27–36)
- “Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you.
- Bless those who curse you, pray for those who mistreat you.
- As you wish that people would do to you, do the same to them.
- Be merciful, just as your Father - Yehovah is merciful.”
On Judging,
Trees, and Foundations (6:37–49)
- “Do not judge, and you will not be judged… forgive, and you will be
forgiven.
- The good person out of the good treasure of his heart brings forth
good… for out of the overflow of the heart, the mouth speaks.
- Everyone who comes to me and hears my words and does them is like a
man building a house, who dug deep and laid the foundation on the rock.”
Luke 7 —
Authority of the Prophet-Messiah
Healing the
Centurion’s Servant (7:1–10)
- The centurion sent friends to say: “Master, do not trouble
yourself… just say the word, and my servant will be healed.
- Yeshua marveled: “I tell you, not even in Israel have I found such
trust.”
Raising the
Widow’s Son at Nain (7:11–17)
- He said, “Young man, I say to you, arise!” The dead man sat up and
began to speak.
- Fear seized all, and they glorified Elohim - God, saying, “A great
prophet has arisen among us! Elohim - God has visited His people!”
Yochanan’s
Question (7:18–35)
- Yeshua answered, “Go and report to Yochanan - John: the blind
receive sight, the lame walk, lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead
are raised, the poor have good news proclaimed to them.” (Isaiah 35, 61)
Anointing
by a Woman (7:36–50)
- A woman of the city, a sinner, brought an alabaster flask of
ointment.
- Standing behind him at his feet, weeping, she began to wet his feet
with her tears, wiped them with her hair, and anointed them.
- “Her many sins are forgiven - for she loved much. But the one who
is forgiven little, loves little.”
Luke 8 —
Parables, Power, and Faith
Parable of
the Sower (8:4–15)
- “A Sower went out to sow his seed… some fell on the path… some on
rock… some among thorns… some on good soil.”
- “The seed is the word of Elohim.”
Lamp and
Hearing (8:16–21)
- “Take care how you hear; for the one who has, more will be given,
and from the one who does not have, even what he thinks he has will be
taken away.”
Calming the
Storm (8:22–25)
- They woke him, saying, “Master, Master, we are perishing!” He
rebuked the wind and the raging waves, and there was a calm.
- They were afraid, saying, “Who then is this, that he commands even
winds and water, and they obey him?”
Gerasene
Demoniac (8:26–39)
- Yeshua asked, “What is your name?” He said, “Legion,” for many
demons had entered him.
- A herd of pigs rushed down the steep bank into the lake and
drowned.
Healing and
Resurrection (8:40–56)
- To the woman with the flow of blood: “Daughter, your trust has made
you whole; go in shalom.”
- To the dead girl: “Child, arise!” Her spirit returned, and she got
up at once.
Hebraic
Notes on Luke 6–8
- Shabbat controversies: Link
to 1 Samuel 21 (David and holy bread). Yeshua claims authority as “Son of
Man” over Shabbat → eschatological role.
- Blessings & Woes:
Mirrors Torah covenant blessings and curses (Deuteromony 28). Echoes
prophets’ reversals (Isaiah, Amos).
- Enemy love:
Rooted in Leviticus 19:18 (“love your neighbor”) but extended; wisdom of
Proverbs 25:21–22.
- Centurion’s faith:
Gentile showing greater emunah than Israel → Isaiah’s vision of nations
seeking Elohim (Isaah 2).
- Widow’s son raised:
Parallels Elijah (1 Kings 17) and Elisha (2 Kings 4). People rightly cry:
“A great prophet!”
- Yochanan’s question:
Yeshua points to Isaiah 35 and 61, messianic signs.
- Sower & lamp parables:
Wisdom tradition + prophetic call: hearing and obeying.
- Calming storm: Psalm
107:29 “He stilled the storm to a whisper.” Yeshua acts with YHWH’s –
YEHOVAH’S authority.
- Demoniac & pigs:
Unclean animals (Leviticus 11) = symbolic of spiritual uncleanness. Yeshua
restores shalom.
- Raising Jairus’s daughter: Echo
of Elisha (2 Kings 4:32–37).
Luke 9 —
Turning Toward Jerusalem
Sending the
Twelve (9:1–6)
- Yeshua called the Twelve, gave them power and authority over all
demons, and to heal diseases.
- He sent them to proclaim the kingdom of Elohim - God and to heal.
- He said, “Take nothing for the journey - no staff, no bag, no
bread, no silver; and do not have two tunics.”
Feeding the
Five Thousand (9:10–17)
- He said to them, “You give them something to eat.”
- Taking the five loaves and two fish, he looked up to heaven,
blessed them, broke them, and gave to the disciples to set before the
crowd.
- They all ate and were satisfied; twelve baskets of broken pieces
were left over.
Peter’s
Confession & Transfiguration (9:18–36)
- Kefa answered, “You are the Mashiach of Elohim - God.”
- He took Kefa, Yochanan, and Ya‘akov, went up on the mountain to
pray.
- As he prayed, the appearance of his face was altered, and his
clothing became dazzling white.
- Behold, two men were speaking with him - Moshe and Eliyahu - who
appeared in glory and spoke of his exodus (departure), which he was about
to accomplish in Yerushalayim.
- A voice came from the cloud: “This is my Son, my Chosen One. Listen
to him [this is spoken as a command]!”
On
Following (9:57–62)
- Yeshua said, “No one who puts his hand to the plow and looks back
is fit for the kingdom of Elohim - God.”
Luke 10
— Mission of the Seventy and the Good Samaritan
Seventy
Sent (10:1–24)
- After this, the Master appointed seventy others and sent them ahead
in pairs to every town and place where he himself was about to go.
- He said, “The harvest is plentiful, but the workers are few. Pray
therefore to the Master of the harvest to send out workers into His
Harvest.” Harvest.
- “Heal the sick who are there, and say to them, ‘The kingdom of
Elohim - God has come near to you.’”
- The seventy returned with joy: “Master, even the demons submit to
us in your name!”
- “Do not rejoice in this, that the spirits submit to you, but
rejoice that your names are written in heaven.”
The Good
Samaritan (10:25–37)
- He answered, “You shall love YHWH - YEHOVAH your Elohim - God with
all your heart, soul, strength, and mind; and your neighbor as yourself.”
(Deuteronomy 6:5; Leviticus 19:18)
- Yeshua replied: “A man was going down from Yerushalayim to Yericho
and fell among robbers…
- A Samaritan, as he journeyed, came to where he was; when he saw
him, he was moved with compassion…”
- “Which of these three, do you think, became a neighbor to the man
who fell among robbers?”
- He said, “The one who showed mercy.” Yeshua said, “Go and do
likewise.”
Martha
& Mary (10:38–42)
- “Martha, Martha, you are anxious and troubled about many things,
but one thing is necessary. Mary has chosen the good portion, which will
not be taken from her.”
Luke 11
— Prayer, Signs, and Rebukes
The Lord’s
Prayer (11:1–4)
- “When you pray, say:
Father, let your name [Yehovah] be sanctified.
Let your kingdom come.
- Give us each day our daily bread.
- Forgive us our sins, for we ourselves forgive everyone indebted to
us.
And do not bring us into testing.”
Ask, Seek,
Knock (11:5–13)
- “Ask, and it will be given to you; seek, and you will find; knock,
and it will be opened.
- If you then, being evil, know how to give good gifts to your
children, how much more will the Father in heaven give the Ruach ha-Kodesh
– Holy Spirit to those who ask Him!”
Sign of
Jonah & Lamp (11:29–36)
- “This generation is an evil generation; it seeks a sign, but no
sign will be given except the sign of Yonah - Jonah.
- For just as Yonah became a sign to the Ninevites, so will the Son
of Man be to this generation.”
Woes to
Pharisees & Lawyers (11:37–54)
- “Woe to you Pharisees! For you tithe mint, rue, and every herb, but
neglect justice and the love of Elohim. These you ought to have done,
without leaving the others undone.”
- “Woe also to you, Torah experts! For you load people with burdens
hard to bear, and you yourselves do not touch the burdens with one of your
fingers.”
Hebraic
Notes on Luke 9–11
- Feeding multitudes (Luke 9):
Echoes Elisha feeding 100 men with barley loaves (2 Kings 4:42–44). Twelve
baskets symbolize Israel’s tribes.
- Transfiguration: Moshe
+ Eliyahu = Torah + Prophets. “Exodus” (Greek exodos) ties Yeshua’s
death/resurrection to the liberation motif. Cloud/voice recalls Sinai (Exodus
19; Deuteronomy 18:15 “listen to him”).
- Seventy sent (Luke 10):
Seventy nations in Genesis 10 → universal mission.
- Good Samaritan:
Radically expands Leviticus 19:18. Samaritans considered outsiders, yet
Torah’s call to hesed (mercy) is fulfilled by him.
- Prayer (Luke 11):
Closely mirrors Jewish daily prayers (Kaddish, Amidah, Forgiveness).
- Sign of Jonah: Points
to repentance of Gentiles (Nineveh) and foreshadows resurrection after
three days.
- Woes: Rooted in prophets (Isaiah 1, Amos 5,
Micah 6:8). Critique is not against Torah but against hypocrisy and
neglect of mishpat (justice) and ahavah (love).
Luke 12 — Warnings, Trust, and Readiness
Beware
Hypocrisy (12:1–12)
- “Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy.
- Nothing is covered up that will not be revealed, nor hidden that
will not be known.
- Do not fear those who kill the body and after that have nothing
more they can do.
- Fear the One who, after killing, has authority to cast into
Gehinnom.”
- “Are not five sparrows sold for two assaria? Yet not one of them is
forgotten before Elohim - God.”
- “Everyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man will be
forgiven; but the one who blasphemes against the Ruach ha-Kodesh – the
Holy Spirit will not be forgiven.”
Rich Fool
& Trust in YHWH - YEHOVAH (12:13–34)
- “Take care and guard against all greed, for one’s life does not
consist in the abundance of possessions.”
- Elohim said to him, “Fool! This night your soul is required of
you…”
- “Consider the ravens: they neither sow nor reap… and Elohim - God
feeds them. How much more valuable are you than the birds!”
- “Seek His kingdom, and these things will be added to you.”
Readiness
(12:35–48)
- “Let your loins be girded and your lamps burning.”
- “Blessed are those servants whom the Master finds awake when he
comes.”
- “To whom much is given, much will be required.”
Division
& Signs (12:49–59)
- “Do you think I came to give peace on earth? No, I tell you, but
division.”
- “When you see a cloud rising in the west, you say, ‘A shower is
coming’… You know how to interpret the appearance of earth and sky, but
why not the present time?”
Luke 13
— Repentance, the Narrow Door, and the Lament
Call to
Repentance (13:1–9)
- “Unless you repent, you will all perish as they did.”
- Parable: A man had a fig tree in his vineyard… for three years he
found no fruit. The vinedresser said, “Let it alone one more year… if it
bears fruit, well; if not, cut it down.”
Sabbath
Healing (13:10–17)
- Yeshua said to a bent woman, “Woman, you are freed from your
sickness.”
- “Should not this daughter of Avraham, who Satan bound for eighteen
years, be loosed on the Sabbath?”
Kingdom
Parables (13:18–21)
- Mustard seed → large tree, birds nest in its branches (Ezekiel
17:23, Daniel 4:12).
- Leaven → spreads through the whole dough.
Narrow Door
(13:22–30)
- “Strive to enter through the narrow door. Many will seek to enter
and will not be able.”
- “There will be weeping and grinding of teeth when you see Avraham,
Yitzchak, and Ya‘akov and all the prophets in the kingdom of Elohim - God,
but yourselves cast out.”
- “People will come from east, west, north, south, and recline at the
table in the kingdom.”
Lament over
Yerushalayim (13:31–35)
- “Yerushalayim, Yerushalayim, the city that kills the prophets and
stones those sent to her! How often I desired to gather your children
together, as a hen gathers her brood under her wings, and you were not
willing.”
Luke 14
— Humility, Banquet, and Discipleship
Healing on
Shabbat (14:1–6)
- “Which of you, having a son or an ox that falls into a well on the
Sabbath, will not immediately pull him out?”
Humility
and Banquet Teaching (14:7–24)
- “Everyone who exalts himself will be humbled, and the one who
humbles himself will be exalted.”
- “When you give a banquet, invite the poor, crippled, lame, and blind,
and you will be blessed.”
- Parable: A man gave a great banquet; many made excuses.
- “Go out to the roads and hedges and compel them to come in, that my
house may be filled.”
Cost of
Discipleship (14:25–35)
- “If anyone comes to me and does not hate – love less father,
mother, wife, children, brothers, sisters - yes, even his own life - he
cannot be my disciple.” (“Hate” = Hebraic idiom meaning “love less in
comparison.”)
- “Whoever does not carry his cross and follow me cannot be my
disciple.”
- “So therefore, any one of you who does not renounce all that he has
cannot be my disciple.”
Notice: the followers of the lord Messiah
Yeshua are bought with a price, the blood he shed when he gave himself to his
Father and his God Yehovah as a sin-offering sacrifice, allowing God to
reconcile – bring back humanity to Himself. As the followers are bought with
such a valued price, it makes us bondservants [slaves] of the lord Messiah
Yeshua. Now, a slave does not own anything, but his/her master can give them
possessions to exercise stewardship over them, so our Master Yeshua does
likewise..
Hebraic
Notes on Luke 12–14
- Leaven (12:1): Often
a metaphor for corruption (Exodus 12; 1 Corinthians 5). Hypocrisy spreads
like leaven.
- Fig tree (13:6–9): Fig =
Israel (Hosea 9:10; Jeremiah 8:13). Elohim seeks fruit = repentance. Delay
= mercy.
- Mustard seed & leaven (13): Both
start small but grow/spread - image
of kingdom influence from hidden beginnings.
- Narrow door (13:24):
Echoes Psalm 118:20, Isaiah 26:2 - the righteous entering YHWH’s –
YEHOVAH’S gate.
- Banquet parable (14): Links
with Isaiah 25:6–8 (“banquet on this mountain”). Outsiders welcomed foreshadow
Gentile inclusion.
- “Hate” family (14:26):
Hebrew idiom meaning “prefer less” (cf. Genesis 29:30–31: Jacob loved
Rachel more than Leah). Not literal hatred, but radical priority.
Luke 15
— Parables of the Lost
Lost Sheep
(15:1–7)
- “Which man among you, having a hundred sheep and losing one, does
not leave the ninety-nine in the wilderness and go after the lost one
until he finds it?”
- “There will be more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents than
over ninety-nine righteous who do not need repentance.”
Lost Coin
(15:8–10)
- “What woman, having ten silver drachmas, if she loses one, does not
light a lamp, sweep the house, and seek diligently until she finds it?”
- “There is joy before the angels of Elohim - God over one sinner who
repents.”
Lost Son
(Prodigal) (15:11–32)
- The younger said, “Father, give me the share of the property that
falls to me.”
- “When he came to himself, he said, ‘How many of my father’s hired
servants have bread in abundance, but I perish with hunger!’”
- While he was still far off, his father saw him, was filled with
compassion, ran, embraced, and kissed him.
- “For this, my son was dead and is alive again; he was lost and is
found.”
- The older son was angry and refused to go in…
- “Son, you are always with me, and all that is mine is yours.
- It was fitting to celebrate and rejoice, for this your brother was
dead and is alive; he was lost and is found.”
Luke 16
— Stewardship and Warnings
Dishonest
Steward (16:1–13)
- The master commended the dishonest steward because he acted
shrewdly.
- “Make friends for yourselves by means of unrighteous mammon, so
that when it fails, they may receive you into eternal dwellings.”
- “No servant can serve two masters… You cannot serve both Elohim -
God and mammon - maney.”
Torah and
the Kingdom (16:14–18)
- “The Torah and the Prophets were until Yohanan; since then, the
good news of the kingdom of Elohim - God is proclaimed, and everyone is
pressing into it.
- But it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one
tiny stroke of the Torah to fall.”
Rich Man
and Lazarus (16:19–31)
- The poor man died and was carried by the angels to Avraham’s bosom.
The rich man also died and was buried.
- In Hades, being in torment, he lifted up his eyes and saw Avraham
far off and Lazarus at his side.
- Avraham said, “Child, remember that you in your lifetime received
good things, and Lazarus bad things; but now he is comforted here, and you
are in anguish.”
- “If they do not listen to Moshe and the Prophets, neither will they
be convinced if someone rises from the dead.”
Luke 17
— Forgiveness, Faith, and the Kingdom
Forgiveness
& Faith (17:1–10)
- “If your brother sins, rebuke him; if he repents, forgive him.
- If he sins against you seven times in a day, and seven times turns
back to you saying, ‘I repent,’ you must forgive him.”
- “If you had faith like a mustard seed, you could say to this
mulberry tree, ‘Be uprooted and planted in the sea,’ and it would obey
you.”
Ten Lepers
Cleansed (17:11–19)
- As they went, they were cleansed.
- One of them, when he saw that he was healed, turned back,
glorifying Elohim- God with a loud voice.
- He fell on his face at Yeshua’s feet, giving thanks - and he was a
Samaritan.
- “Were not ten cleansed? Where are the nine?”
Coming of
the Kingdom (17:20–37)
- Asked by Pharisees when the kingdom of Elohim - God would come, he
answered: “The kingdom of Elohim - God is not coming with things that can
be observed.
- Nor will they say, ‘Look, here it is!’ or ‘There!’ For behold, the
kingdom of Elohim - God is among you.”
- “As it was in the days of Noach, so will it be in the days of the
Son of Man.”
- “Remember Lot’s wife!”
- They said, “Where, Master?” He said, “Where the corpse is, there
the vultures will gather.”
Hebraic
Notes on Luke 15–17
- Lost Sheep/Coin/Son (15):
Classic prophetic theme of YHWH - YEHOVAH as shepherd seeking Israel (Ezekiel
34; Jeremiah 23). Father’s compassion mirrors Hosea’s portrayal of YHWH’s
– YEHOVAH’S love for wayward Israel.
- Older brother (15:28–32):
Reflects tension between covenant insiders (Pharisees, Israel) and
outsiders (repentant sinners, Gentiles).
- Steward parable (16): Not
approval of dishonesty but of shrewdness in light of coming judgment.
Urgency in preparing for eternity.
- Torah not passing (16:17):
Strong affirmation - Torah remains; Yeshua’s teaching is not abolishing
but fulfilling (cf. Matthew 5:17–19).
- Rich man & Lazarus (16:19–31): Avraham’s bosom = covenantal intimacy. Emphasis: Heed Moses and the
Prophets now.
- Ten lepers (17): Only the
Samaritan returns - outsider again shows true gratitude.
- Kingdom “within/among you” (17:21): Greek entos = either internal (within hearts) or communal
(in your midst, embodied by Yeshua and his followers). Both Hebraic
nuances are present.
- Days of Noach & Lot (17:26–32): Warnings of sudden judgment echo prophets (Isaiah 13; Zephaniah
1).
Luke 18
— Prayer, Wealth, and the Kingdom
Persistent
Widow (18:1–8)
- “In a certain city, there was a judge who neither feared Elohim -
God nor respected people.
- A widow kept coming, saying, ‘Give me justice against my
adversary.’
- Will not Elohim - God give justice to His chosen ones, who cry to
Him day and night?
- When the Son of Man comes, will he find faith on the earth?”
Pharisee
& Tax Collector (18:9–14)
- “Two men went up to the Temple to pray, one a Pharisee and the
other a tax collector.
- The tax collector stood far off, would not lift his eyes to heaven,
but beat his chest, saying, ‘Elohim - God, be merciful to me, the sinner.’
- This man went down justified rather than the other; for everyone
who exalts himself will be humbled, but the one who humbles himself will
be exalted.”
Children
& Rich Ruler (18:15–30)
- “Let the little children come to me, and do not hinder them, for to
such belongs the kingdom of Elohim - God.”
- Yeshua said to the rich ruler, “One thing you still lack. Sell all
that you have and distribute to the poor, and you will have treasure in
heaven; then come, follow me.”
- “It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than
for a rich man to enter the kingdom of Elohim.”
- “Everyone who has left house, wife, brothers, parents, or children
for the sake of the kingdom of Elohim will receive many times more in this
age, and in the age to come, eternal life.”
Third
Passion Prediction & Healing Blind Man (18:31–43)
- “See, we are going up to Yerushalayim, and everything written by
the prophets about the Son of Man will be accomplished.”
- A blind man near Yericho cried, “Son of David, have mercy on me!”
- Yeshua said, “Receive your sight; your faith has saved you.”
Luke 19
— Zacchaeus, Parable, and Entry into Yerushalayim
Zacchaeus
(19:1–10)
- A man named Zacchaeus, a chief tax collector, was rich.
- Yeshua said, “Zacchaeus, hurry and come down, for today I must stay
at your house.”
- “Today salvation has come to this house, since he too is a son of
Avraham.
- For the Son of Man came to seek and to save the lost.”
Parable of
the Minas (19:11–27)
- “A nobleman went into a far country to receive for himself a
kingdom and then return.”
- “Well done, good servant! Because you have been faithful in very
little, you shall have authority over ten cities.”
- “To everyone who has, more will be given; but from the one who has
not, even what he has will be taken away.”
Triumphal
Entry (19:28–40)
- “Blessed is the King who comes in the name of YHWH - YEHOVAH! Peace
in heaven and glory in the highest!” (Psalm 118:26)
Yeshua
Weeps Over Yerushalayim (19:41–44)
- When he drew near and saw the city, he wept over it, saying,
- “If you had known, even you, on this day, the things that make for
shalom! But now they are hidden from your eyes.”
- “Days will come when your enemies will set up a siege ramp around
you…”
Cleansing
the Temple (19:45–48)
- “It is written, ‘My house shall be a house of prayer,’ but you have
made it a den of robbers!” (Isaiah 56:7; Jeremiah 7:11)
Luke 20
— Authority, Vineyard, and Resurrection
Authority
Questioned (20:1–8)
- “Tell us by what authority you do these things, or who gave you
this authority?”
- “The baptism of Yohanan - was it from heaven or from men?”
Parable of
the Vineyard (20:9–19)
- “A man planted a vineyard, leased it to tenants, and went to
another country…”
- “The owner said, ‘I will send my beloved son; perhaps they will
respect him.’
- But when the tenants saw him, they said, ‘This is the heir. Let us
kill him.’”
- “He will come and destroy those tenants and give the vineyard to
others.”
- Yeshua looked at them and said, “What then is this that is written:
‘The stone the builders rejected has become the head of the corner’?” (Psalm
118:22)
Taxes to
Caesar (20:20–26)
- “Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to
Elohim - God the things that are Elohim’s – God’s.”
Resurrection
and the Sadducees (20:27–40)
- “Even Moshe showed, at the bush, that the dead are raised, when he
calls YHWH - YEHOVAH ‘the Elohim - God of Avraham, Elohim of Yitzchak, and
Elohim of Ya‘akov.’
- He is not the Elohim - God of the dead but of the living, for all
live to Him.”
Warning
Against Scribes (20:41–47)
- “Beware of the scribes, who like to walk around in long robes, love
greetings in the marketplaces…
- They devour widows’ houses and, for a pretense, make long prayers.
They will receive greater condemnation.”
Hebraic
Notes on Luke 18–20
- Persistent widow (18:1–8): Torah
often highlights YHWH’s – YEHOVAH’S care for widows (Deuteronomy 10:18).
Her persistence models chutzpah shel kedushah (holy boldness).
- Pharisee & tax collector (18:9–14): “Justified” echoes Habakkuk 2:4 - righteousness comes from
humility and reliance on Elohim - God.
- Rich ruler (18:22):
Challenge mirrors Torah’s commands on generosity and Deuteronomy 15:7–11.
Treasure in heaven = covenant reward.
- Blind man crying “Son of David” (18:38): Messianic title recalling 2 Samuel 7.
- Zacchaeus (19:9):
Yeshua restores his covenant identity as a “son of Avraham.”
- Triumphal Entry (19:38): Psalm
118 (Hallel psalm) sung at Passover - a messianic royal welcome.
- Vineyard parable (20): Echo
of Isaiah 5:1–7 - Israel as YHWH’s – YEHOVAH’S vineyard. The “beloved son”
recalls both Israel (Exodus 4:22) and the Messiah.
- Stone rejected (20:17): Psalm
118 messianic stone theme - rejected yet exalted cornerstone.
- Resurrection (20:37):
Argument built on Torah itself – YHWH - YEHOVAH as living Elohim - God of
the patriarchs.
Luke 21
— Signs, Jerusalem, and End Times
Widow’s
Offering (21:1–4)
- He looked up and saw the rich putting their gifts into the
treasury.
- He saw a poor widow put in two small coins.
- He said, “Truly I tell you; this poor widow has put in more than
all,
- For all these out of their abundance have put in gifts for God, but
she, out of her poverty, put in all she had to live on.”
Destruction
of the Temple Foretold (21:5–24)
- “As for these things you see, the days will come when not one stone
will be left upon another; all will be thrown down.”
- “Do not be led astray. Many will come in my name, saying, ‘I am
He,’ and ‘The time is near.’ Do not follow them.”
- “When you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies, then know that its
desolation is near.”
- “They will fall by the edge of the sword, and be led captive into
all nations. Yerushalayim will be trampled by Gentiles until the times of
the Gentiles are fulfilled.”
Signs of
the End and Encouragement (21:25–36)
- “There will be signs in the sun, moon, and stars, and distress
among nations… men fainting from fear and expectation of the things coming
on the earth.”
- “Now when these things begin to happen, stand up and lift your
heads, because your redemption draws near.”
- “Be on guard, lest your hearts be weighed down with dissipation,
drunkenness, and cares of life, and that day come on you suddenly.”
- “Pray always that you may have strength to escape all these things
and to stand before the Son of Man.”
Luke 22
— Passover, Betrayal, and Arrest
Passover
Preparation (22:1–13)
- Now the Feast of Unleavened Bread, which is called Passover, drew
near.
- The day of unleavened bread came, when the Passover lamb had to be
sacrificed.
- He sent Peter and John, saying, “Go and prepare the Passover for
us, that we may eat.”
- They prepared it as he had told them.
Institution
of the Lord’s Supper (22:14–20)
- “I have eagerly desired to eat this Passover with you before I
suffer.
- For I tell you, I will not eat it again until it is fulfilled in
the kingdom of Elohim- God.”
- “This is my body, which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of
me.”
- “This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for
you.”
Prediction
of Peter’s Denial (22:31–34)
- “Simon, Simon! Behold, Satan demanded to sift you like wheat.
- But I have prayed for you that your emunah may not fail; and when
you have turned back, strengthen your brothers.”
- Peter said, “Master, I am ready to go with you both to prison and
to death.”
- Yeshua answered, “I tell you, Peter, the rooster will not crow this
day until you deny three times that you know me.”
Gethsemane
Prayer (22:39–46)
- “Pray that you do not enter into temptation.”
- “And being in agony, he prayed more earnestly; his sweat was like
drops of blood falling to the ground.”
Betrayal
and Arrest (22:47–53)
- “Do you come out with swords and clubs as against a robber?”
- One of them struck the servant of the high priest, cutting off his
right ear.
- Yeshua said, “No more of this!” and touched his ear and healed him.
- Then Yeshua said to the chief priests, officers of the temple, and
elders: “Have you come out as against a robber, with swords and clubs?”
Hebraic
Notes on Luke 21–22
- Widow’s offering (21:1–4):
Classic prophetic theme – YHWH - YEHOVAH values devotion over abundance (1
Kings 17:7–16; 2 Kings 4:1–7).
- Temple destruction (21:5–24):
Echoes Daniel 9, Jeremiah 52, and prophetic warnings about Jerusalem.
“Times of the Gentiles” = period of exile and domination.
- End-time signs (21:25–36):
Cosmic language rooted in Isaiah 13:10; Joel 2:30–31. “Lift your heads” =
hope and redemption imagery.
- Passover Supper (22:14–20): Links
Yeshua’s death to the sacrificial system (Exodus 12); new covenant
reflects Jeremiah 31:31–34.
- Gethsemane prayer (22:39–46): Shows
full human agony; yet submission = “Not my will, but yours” (cf. Psalm
40:7–8).
- Peter’s denial (22:31–34):
“Sifted like wheat” = testing motif in Tanakh (Ruth 2; Jeremiah 30).
- Betrayal & arrest:
Fulfillment of prophetic suffering motif (Zechariah 13:7; Isaiah 53).
Luke 23
— Trial, Crucifixion, and Burial
Jesus
Before Pilate (23:1–25)
- The whole company of them arose and led him to Pilate.
- Pilate asked him, “Are you the King of the Jews?”
- “Do you not hear how many things they testify against you?”
- Pilate released Barabbas to them, and after having Jesus scourged,
delivered him to be crucified.
Mocked and
Crucified (23:26–43)
- They laid hold on Simon of Cyrene, who was coming from the country,
and placed on him the cross to carry behind Yeshua.
- When they came to the place called The Skull, they crucified him
there, and the criminals, one on the right and one on the left.
- “Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do.”
- One of the criminals mocked him: “Are you not the Messiah? Save
yourself and us.”
- But the other rebuked him, saying, “Do you not fear Elohim - God,
since you are under the same sentence?
- And we indeed justly, for we receive the due reward of our deeds;
but this man has done nothing wrong.”
- And he said, “Yeshua, remember me when you come into your kingdom.”
- He said to him, “Truly I tell you today, you will be with me in
Paradise.”
Death and
Burial (23:44–56)
- “Father, into your hands I commit my spirit.” And having said this, he breathed his last.
- Joseph of Arimathea, a good and righteous man, who had not
consented to their counsel and deed, asked Pilate for Yeshua’s body.
- And they laid him in a new tomb in which no one had yet been laid.
Luke 24
— Resurrection and Ascension
The Empty
Tomb (24:1–12)
- They did not find the body of Yeshua.
- While they were perplexed about this, two men stood by them in
dazzling apparel.
- “Why do you seek the living among the dead? He is not here but has
risen!”
- They told all these things to the eleven and to all the rest.
Road to
Emmaus (24:13–35)
- Yeshua himself drew near and went with them, but their eyes were
kept from recognizing him.
- “Was it not necessary that the Messiah should suffer these things
and enter into his glory?”
- “Did not our hearts burn within us while he talked to us on the
road and opened the Scriptures to us?”
Appearance
to the Disciples (24:36–49)
- “Peace be with you.”
- “See my hands and my feet, that it is I myself. Touch me and see;
for a spirit does not have flesh and bones as you see that I have.”
- “All things must be fulfilled which were written in the Law of
Moshe, the Prophets, and the Psalms concerning me.”
- “Repentance and remission of sins should be preached in his name to
all nations, beginning at Yerushalayim.
- You are witnesses of these things.”
- “Behold, I send the promise of my Father upon you; but stay in the
city until you are clothed with power from on high.”
Ascension
(24:50–53)
- He led them out as far as Bethany, and lifting up his hands,
blessed them.
- While he blessed them, he parted from them and was carried up into
heaven.
- And they worshiped him and returned to Yerushalayim with great joy,
and were continually in the Temple, praising and blessing Elohim - God.
Hebraic
Notes on Luke 23–24
- Crucifixion (23): Roman
execution method, yet Yeshua fulfills Isaiah 53:3–9 - the Suffering
Servant.
- Paradise (23:43):
Hebrew concept of Gan Eden - immediate post-mortem rest with the
righteous.
- Empty tomb (24):
Resurrection anticipated in Psalms 16:10, Hosea 6:2. “Seek the living
among the dead” signals new covenant hope.
- Road to Emmaus (24:13–35):
Emphasizes Torah-centered understanding: Messiah’s suffering and glory
revealed through Scripture.
- Appearance and instructions (24:36–49): Confirms physical resurrection and the continuity of Torah,
Prophets, Psalms.
- Ascension (24:50–53):
Fulfillment of Daniel 7:13–14 and Psalm 68:18 imagery. Disciples empowered
for mission — covenant expansion to all nations.
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Chapter
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Key Events / Teachings
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Hebraic Connections / Prophetic Links
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Major Themes
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1
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Birth announcements of John & Yeshua; Zechariah & Mary’s songs
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Gabriel’s announcements echo Daniel 9:21–27; Mary’s Magnificat
mirrors Hannah’s song (1 Samuel 2:1–10)
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Divine intervention, fulfillment of covenant promises
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2
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Birth of Yeshua, shepherds, presentation in Temple, Simeon & Anna
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Bethlehem = Davidic lineage; Temple rituals (mikvah, sacrifice);
Simeon sees Messiah (Isaiah 52:7–10)
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Messiah’s humble birth, fulfillment of prophecy, salvation for all
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3
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Yochanan’s immersion; genealogy
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Repentance & immersion echo ritual purification; genealogy traces
Messiah to Adam/Elohim
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Repentance, Messiah’s humanity, covenant continuity
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4
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Temptation; Nazareth rejection; healings
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Torah quotations (Deuteronomy 6–8); Nazareth rejection parallels
Elijah/Elisha missions; Isaiah 61 fulfillment
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Obedience, messianic authority, prophetic fulfillment
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5
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Calling disciples; healings
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“Fishing for people” = Jeremiah 16:16; healing mirrors Isaiah 35, 53
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Discipleship, authority, kingdom expansion
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6
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Beatitudes & woes; love for enemies
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Echoes Deuteronomy 28 (blessings & curses), Leviticus 19:18
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Radical ethics, mercy, humility
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7
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Centurion’s faith; raising widow’s son; anointing woman
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Gentile faith foreshadows universal mission; parallels Elijah &
Elisha miracles
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Faith, humility, divine authority
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8
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Parables; calming storm; demoniac healed
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Sower parable = wisdom tradition; storm = Psalm 107:29; demoniac =
uncleanness imagery (Leviticus 11)
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Kingdom revelation, faith, spiritual authority
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9
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Feeding 5000; Peter’s confession; transfiguration
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Twelve baskets = Israel’s tribes; transfiguration = Moses + Elijah,
Sinai echo
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Messiah identity, revelation, discipleship
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10
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Seventy sent; Good Samaritan; Martha & Mary
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Seventy nations (Genesis 10); Samaritan shows Torah-based mercy;
hospitality theme
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Mission, mercy, kingdom priorities
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11
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Lord’s Prayer; ask-seek-knock; woes
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Prayer rooted in Jewish tradition (Amidah); prophetic critique of
Pharisees
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Prayer, spiritual discernment, righteousness
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12
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Warnings, rich fool, readiness
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Leaven = corruption (Exodus 12); trust in YHWH - YEHOVAH; fig tree =
Israel
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Stewardship, vigilance, eschatology
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13
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Repentance, Sabbath healing, kingdom parables
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Fig tree = Israel; mustard seed/leaven = kingdom growth
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Repentance, kingdom expansion, divine patience
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14
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Humility, banquet, cost of discipleship
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Isaiah 25:6 banquet imagery; “hate” = Hebrew idiom
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Humility, radical commitment, inclusion
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15
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Lost sheep, coin, prodigal son
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Ezekiel 34 (shepherd); Hosea imagery; covenant restoration
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Repentance, mercy, restoration
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16
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Dishonest steward; rich man & Lazarus
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Torah obedience; Isaiah 5 vineyard; Avraham’s bosom = covenant
intimacy
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Stewardship, judgment, covenant fidelity
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17
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Forgiveness, lepers, kingdom
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Gratitude & faith; kingdom “within” or “among” (Hebrew nuance)
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Faith, gratitude, kingdom awareness
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18
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Persistent widow, Pharisee & tax collector, rich ruler
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Torah generosity: humility valued (Habakkuk 2:4); “Son of David” =
messianic title
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Justice, humility, kingdom priorities
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19
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Zacchaeus; parable of minas; triumphal entry
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Son of Abraham (covenant); Psalm 118; Isaiah 56, Jer 7
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Salvation, stewardship, messianic kingship
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20
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Authority challenged; vineyard parable; resurrection
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Isaiah 5 vineyard; Psalm 118 cornerstone; resurrection grounded in
Torah
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Messianic authority, judgment, resurrection
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21
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Widow’s offering; temple destruction; end times
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1 Kings 17, 2 Kings 4 (widow); Daniel & Jeremiah (destruction)
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Sacrifice, judgment, eschatology
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22
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Passover meal; Gethsemane; betrayal
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Exodus 12; Jeremiah 31 covenant; Zech 13 suffering
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New covenant, obedience, suffering
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23
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Trial, crucifixion, burial
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Isaiah 53 (Suffering Servant); Gan Eden imagery
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Redemption, fulfillment of prophecy, divine mercy
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24
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Resurrection; Emmaus; ascension
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Psalms 16, Hosea 6:2 (resurrection); Daniel 7:13–14 (ascension)
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Resurrection, scriptural fulfillment, empowerment for mission
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SUMMARY:
- Overarching Themes:
Messiah’s identity, fulfillment of Torah & Prophets, Kingdom of
Elohim, repentance, mercy, humility, eschatological hope.
- Hebraic Threads:
Strong links to Torah law, prophetic imagery, Psalms, covenant continuity,
Second Temple context.
Prophetic
Fulfillment: Yeshua embodies Isaiah 53, Psalm 118, Hosea
6:2, and covenant promises to Abraham, David, and
